我国草地生态补偿对农牧户的影响

Impacts of grassland ecological compensation on households in China

草地生态补偿的目的是为了恢复和保护将要或者已经破坏了的草地生态环境,我国目前开展的大规模的草地生态补偿项目有退牧还草、退耕还草还林、草原生态保护补助奖励机制等。我国草地生态补偿开展十几年来,草地生态得以恢复,草群高度、植被盖度、干草产量方面都有所改善。而农牧户作为生态补偿客体的最基本单位,农牧户的响应与生态补偿可持续性息息相关。本文分析总结了草地生态补偿对农牧户的影响,结果表明,草地生态补偿对农牧户家庭经济和农牧产业结构产生了一定的正面影响,但目前实践工作还处于不成熟阶段。存在一些亟待解决的问题:1)补助标准和期限不合理;2)畜牧业生产方式落后,资金缺口大;3)舍饲风险大;4)剩余劳动力转移困难;5)缺乏技术补偿。根据存在的问题,提出以下建议:1)制定合理的补偿标准;2)拓宽融资渠道;3)完善社会保障制度;4)发展集约化畜牧业;5)增加技术补偿;6)延长补助期限,发展后续产业。

In order to restore and protect the grassland ecological environment which had been degraded,China government has carried out extensive grassland ecological compensation system which including grazing restrictions,returning cropland to forestry and grass,rewards and compensation of grassland ecology protection,and so on. The degraded grassland has recovered and the height,coverage and hay yield of grassland has been improved after over ten years of grassland ecological compensation system application. The present paper summarized the impacts of grassland ecological compensation on farmers and herders as household is the fundamental unit of ecological compensation and their responses were closely related to the persistence of ecological compensation. The results showed that grassland ecological compensation had a positive impact on household income and agricultural structure. However,the experience was still in the immature stage. Grassland ecological compensation had following questions including unreasonable compensation period and rewards standard; outdate livestock production model and large funding gap; high risk of pen feeding; difficulty of surplus labor force shift; and lack of technical compensation. Following suggestions were proposed based on the above problems： establishing reasonable standards,broadening financing channels; improving the social security system,developing intensive animal husbandry,adding technical offset,and extending period of subsidy and developing follow-up industry.