论古代南亚国际体系——“大法体系”的特点及原理

The International System in Ancient South Asia: The Logic of the “Dharma System”

古代南亚地区也存在一个与西方罗马体系、东亚朝贡体系和近代国际体系并列的国际体系,即孔雀王朝时代阿育王建立、并对后世产生了极大影响的"大法体系"。这个体系以印度宗教中的"法"(Dharma)为合法性基础,具有"强文明体、弱组织体"的特点。该体系的原理主要是在一个等级结构中赋予每个行为体一个特定位置,族群主要通过限制交往、通婚而保持其独立性,故该体系下族群间的融合度较低,国家间的联系松散而脆弱,并且国家间出现的短暂的秩序常常与某种极端现实主义手段相联系。"大法体系"与印度教徒的"基本人际状态"——阶序人——具有内在的联系,在一定意义上可将其视为种姓体系的放大和延伸。

In ancient South Asia there existed an international system in parallel to the Roman system in the West—the tributary system in East Asia and the Westphalian international system,or the 'Dharma system. 'This system was originally established during the Mauryan Empire by Asoka and had exerted a tremendous impact ever since. It was the concept of 'Dharma'in Hinduism that gave legitimacy to the Dharma system,which had the feature of 'strong civilizational and weak organizational entity. 'Furthermore,this system was also inherently related to the 'human constant'of the Hindus—the Homo Hierarchicus.