从语法化角度分析日语“na”的历史变迁

An Analysis of the Historical Changes of Japanese “Na” from the Perspective of Grammaticalization

古代日语中有两种禁止表达形式,一种为"-na"形式,在上代日语中表示强烈的禁止,另一种为"na-"形式,在上代日语中应用较广泛,语气相对委婉,可以面对比自己身份、地位高的人使用。这两种形式在历史的进程中发生类推、融合,成现在日语的"na",由于"-na"的强烈语气被保留了下来,所以现代日语中的"na"中带有否定评价的含义,这种含义逐渐被强化,在当今的日语口语中演变为一种带有表达不满的禁止用法,因此,其使用也被当今日本人所规避。

There are two sorts of forms to express the meaning of prohibition in ancient Japanese,one is'-na',which means the strong feeling of prohibition,the other is 'na-',which was widely used in the last century of Japanese history,and which has a milder tone and also can be treated with the people with higher identity and status.In the historical process with analogy and integration,the two forms finally become the present form'na'.The strong tone of'na'has been preserved,so its meaning has negative evaluation in modern Japanese and is gradually strengthened and has developed into the meaning of dissatisfaction with prohibition in today's spoken Japanese.Therefore,it is always avoided by today's Japanese.