范例、德性与道德实践

Exemplar,Virtues and Moral Practice

范例在西方哲学中有着长久的历史,从古希腊哲学的苏格拉底、柏拉图、亚里士多德,到中世纪奥古斯丁、阿奎那,现当代哲学的胡塞尔、库恩等,均从不同视角讨论范例一词或类似表达。让范例理论被广泛关注的乃是扎格泽博斯基的范例主义德性理论,它受惠于克里普克等人的直接指称理论,是伦理学领域中新的理论形态。从这种德性理论的形成过程与理论特征看,它有潜力成为一种新的道德或德性认识论策略,其体现的方法与路径可以为道德认知、道德教育乃至道德实践提供哲学洞见。

Exemplar has been experiencing a long history in western philosophy. Many philosophers,like Socrates,Plato,Aristotle,Augustine,Aquinas,E. Husserl and T. Kuhn in different periods have discussed ＂exemplar＂or similar terms from various perspectives. It is L. Zagaebski＇s exemplar theory of virtue that makes the theory of exemplar attract more attention,which could be attributed to S. Kripke＇s theory of direct reference. Exemplarism is a brand-new theory in the field of ethics. However,it could become a new strategy of moral or virtue epistemology based on its development and theoretical characters. Its method and approaches would offer philosophical insights to moral cognition,moral education and moral practice.