中国页岩气特征、挑战及前景(一)

Shale gas in China: Characteristics, challenges and prospects(Ⅰ)

基于近年中国富有机质页岩沉积模式、页岩储集层表征等方面取得的研究进展,分析页岩气富集高产主控因素。研究落实了上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组笔石带发育序列时空对比依据,提出缓慢沉降的稳定海盆、高海平面、半封闭水体和低沉积速率是海相富有机质页岩重要沉积模式,确定晚奥陶世—早志留世早期持续发育的大型深水陆棚沉积环境有利于黑色页岩发育,优质页岩厚20~80 m、TOC值为2.0%~8.4%。对比分析焦石坝、长宁、威远3大页岩气田,指出规模储集层主要受富生物硅质与钙质页岩、适中热演化程度、高基质孔隙与丰富的裂缝控制。五峰组—龙马溪组总孔隙度为3.0%~8.4%、渗透率为0.000 2×10-3~0.500 0×10-3μm2,基质孔隙体积及其构成区域稳定,裂缝孔隙发育特征在不同构造区、同一构造的不同井区和不同层段差异较大。筇竹寺组受有机质炭化、黏土矿物结晶度高和生物碎屑粒内孔后期充填等因素影响,物性普遍较差,总孔隙度为1.5%~2.9%、渗透率为0.001′10-3~0.010′10-3μm2。明确了页岩气富集高产受沉积环境、热演化程度、孔缝发育程度、构造保存等＂四大因素＂控制,且特殊性在于高演化（Ro值：2.0%~3.5%）、超高压（压力系数：1.3~2.1）,从而建立了＂构造型甜点＂和＂连续型甜点区＂两种页岩气富集模式。

The main factors controlling the enrichment and high yield of shale gas were analyzed based on the recent research progress of depositional model and reservoir characterization of organic-rich shale in China. The study determines the space-time comparison basis of graptolite sequence in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation–Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation and proposes the important depositional pattern of marine organic-rich shale： stable ocean basin with low subsidence rate, high sea level, semi-enclosed water body, and low sedimentation rate. Deposited in the stage of Late Ordovician-Early Silurian, the superior shale with thickness of 20？80 m and total organic carbon（TOC） content of 2.0%？8.4% was developed in large deep-water shelf environment which is favorable for black shale development. Based on the comparison among the Jiaoshiba, Changning and Weiyuan shale gas fields, it is believed that reservoirs of scale are mainly controlled by shale rich in biogenic silica and calcium, moderate thermal maturity, high matrix porosity, and abundant fracture. The shales in the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations are characterized by porosity of 3.0%？8.4%, permeability of 0.000 2×10？3？0.500 0×10？3 μm2, stable areal distribution of matrix pore volume and their constituents, great variation in fracture and pore characteristics among different tectonic regions as well as different well fields and different intervals in the same tectonic. The Cambrian Qiongzhusi shale features poor physical properties with the porosity of 1.5%？2.9% and the permeability of 0.001×10？3？0.010×10？3 μm2, resulted from the carbonization of organic matter, high crystallinity of clay minerals and later filling in bioclastic intragranular pores. Four factors controlling the accumulation and high production of shale gas were confirmed： depositional environment, thermal evolution, pore and fracture development, and tectonic preservation condition; two special features were found： high thermal maturity（Ro of 2.0%？3.5%） and overpressure of reservoir（pressure coefficient of 1.3？2.1）; and two enrichment modes were summarized： ＂structural sweet spots＂ and ＂continuous sweet area＂.