民法典总则编“法律行为”一章学者建议稿的编写说明

Explanations on the Scholars' Draft of the Chapter on "Legal Act" in the General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code

民法典总则编之中,法律行为制度的设计,不论是体系结构还是具体条文的编写,都对民法整体功能具有核心价值。法律行为得以建立的法思想渊源,是人文主义革命以来得以确立的民事主体对于自己权利义务甚至法律责任的选择权和决定权。按照这种法思想确立的意思自治原则,在确定法律行为整体结构和具体制度上发挥决定性作用。我国现有立法在法律行为理论的接受方面的主要不足,恰恰在于未能全面地接受法律行为制度的法思想基础,因而在现行立法的制度体系和条文设计中未能全面贯彻法律行为理论。现行立法在行为主体的类型划分方面存在不足。现行立法在贯彻作为民法基本权利类型的支配权和请求权的划分方面,只承认请求权的法律行为根据,而不承认支配权的法律行为根据,在关于现代人事关系、人身关系方面,未能接受法律行为作为根据。这些缺陷应当在编纂民法典总则编时予以弥补。

The design of the institution of legal act in the title on General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code, whether in terms of institutional structure or in terms of the formulation of concrete provi- sions, is of absolute core value to the macro-function of the Chinese civil law. The concept of legal act is based on the legal thinking about the right of civil subjects to choose and decide their own rights, obligations, even legal responsibilities, established since the Humanism Movements. The principle of the autonomy of will, established according to this legal thinking, plays a decisive role in the determi- nation of the overall structure and the concrete institution of legal act. The main deficiency in the cur- rent Chinese legal theory with respect to the acceptance of the theory of legal act lies exactly in its failure to accept in a thorough and complete way the ideological basis of the institution of legal act, which leads to the failure of the current legislation to embody in a thorough and complete way the the- ory of legal act in the design of the overall system and concrete legal provisions. For example, the current Chinese legislation recognizes only the legal-act basis of the right of claim, but not that of the right of control, in the division between the right of control and the right of claim, which are the basic rights in civil law, and it fails to accept the legal -act basis of modern personal relations. The article puts forward suggestions on the construction of the institution of legal act in the General Principles of the Chinese Civil Code with a view to remedying the defects in the current legislation.