大屠杀记忆与以色列的意识形态

The Holocaust Memory and the Ideology in Israel

第二次世界大战结束后的70年间,大屠杀记忆一直在以色列国家的意识形态构建中占据着中心位置。以色列在建国之初,延续的是犹太复国主义意识形态中的"反大流散"理念,试图割断新建以色列国家与欧洲犹太人的关联。国家记忆有意强调欧洲犹太人在大屠杀中的少量反抗,将其视为一种英雄主义,因而忽略了普通犹太人争取生存的抗争。1961年的"艾希曼审判"把大屠杀恐怖昭示于以色列国人,使其开始把大屠杀视为以色列历史不可分割的组成部分,甚至把所有形式的反抗均异化为"英雄主义"。20世纪80年代以来,以色列大屠杀记忆的多元化特征逐渐明显:该国政府基于国家利益因素,一方面,在国家意识形态体系中采取了更为有效的大屠杀教育方式,进一步把大屠杀记忆制度化、仪式化;另一方面,以色列国内出现大屠杀记忆被泛化和滥用现象,大屠杀的记忆方式逐渐从民族化向个体化转换,进而凸显出后犹太复国主义思想家对犹太复国主义理念的反驳,其本质是国家政治工具的体现。

Since the end of the World War Two, the Holocaust memory has been playing a key role in the ideology of the State of Israel. In the early statehood in the 1950s, Israel continued to carry on the Zionist idea of ＂ negation of the Diaspora＂, and attempted to break up the linkage between the newly - established Jewish state and the European Jewry. Emphasis in the national memory was on the very few cases of the resistance in Europe during the war, which were regarded as heroism; but not the survival of the ordinary Jews. The Eichmann Trial in 1961 showed the whole horror of the Holocaust to the Israeli public, who started to embrace the Holocaust as an inseparable part of Israeli history. Gradually, all the types of resistance were perceived as ＂heroism＂ . Since the 1980s, it is an apparent fact that the Holocaust memory has become more multiple owing to the fact of national interests： one hand, in the system of the national ideology, more effective measures were adopted in Holocaust education, and Holocaust memory is more and more systematic and ritualized; on the other hand, the Holocaust memory is abused in Israel, and the nationalized memory of the Holocaust becomes more privatized, thereby giving prominence to the criticism of Post - Zionist ideology to Zionist＇ s. The roots of these phenomena lie in politicization and instrumentalization of Holocaust memory under the influence of the Israel government.