从出土文献看京房“六十律”及“纳甲”说之渊源

On the Origin of Jing Fang's Najia Theory and“Sixty Pitch Pipes”Theory by the Unearthed Documents

西汉著名的象数易学家京房以"言灾异"著称,其说以"风雨寒温为候,各有占验",京氏易学也因之与当时共同立于学官的施雠、孟喜、梁丘贺之易学传统有明显的区别。"纳甲"说与"六十律"说是京氏易学的重要组成部分。由于缺乏相关资料,以往学术界对京房"纳甲"及"六十律"说之渊源无法给予明确的判定。近几十年来出土的与《日书》相关的资料,特别是清华简《筮法》中的相关内容,为我们厘清京氏二说之渊源提供了结实的证据。据以上资料可推知,与京氏"纳甲"说密切相关的"五音六属"说在战国初期甚至更早就已经形成,而与其"六十律"说密切相关的"六十甲子纳音"系统的形成应该不会早于战国之初。这些内容在西汉初期至中期一直在民间流传,直到"灾异"说受到重视,京房易学成为官学之后才被官方接受并公开流传。

The Western Han （206 BCE-9 CE） renowned expert at the images and numbers of the Changes Jing Fang （77-37 BCE） was known for his skillfulness in prognosticating on natural disasters and anomalies. This was the reason why his learning of the Changes was obviously different from other three orthodox traditions of the Changes of Shi Chou, Meng Xi, and Liang-Qiu He. Najia theory （correlating the heavenly stems and earthly branches with the hexagrams） and ＂Sixty Pitch Pipes＂ theory play a significant role in his learning of Changes. Due to the lack of evidence in the past, it was difficult for the academic circle to determine the origin of his theories. Materials related to the daybooks excavated in the past several dec- ades, particularly some related contents in the recently published Shifa （Method of Divination） on the bamboo slips collected by Qinghua University, provide us with cogent evidence indicating that the ＂Five Notes and Six Affiliation＂ （Wuyin liushu 五音六属） theory closely related to the Najia theory might have at latest taken form in the early Warring States period （475-221 BCE） and the sexagenary tones system closely related to the ＂sixty pitch pipes＂ should not have come out before the early Warring States era. These contents were still passed down in popular folks before the mid Western Han. It was not until the time when the prognosis on natural disasters and anomalies was held in esteem and Jiang Fang＇s learning of Changes turned out to be the orthodoxy that they were officially admitted and openly transmitted.