民俗文化与宋元南戏北剧的隆衰更替

Folklore Culture: Prosperity and Decline of Song-Yuan Southern Drama and Northern Play

宋元时期,南戏和北曲杂剧的成熟与发展、南戏北剧各自特征的铸就、南戏北剧隆衰更迭的原因均与不同时期的民俗文化密切相关。南戏之所以先于元杂剧形成却长期处于"初加工"的状态,主要在于两宋时期贵雅轻俗的心理定势没有被打破,雅文化与俗文化处于貌合神离的状态。元杂剧的隆兴则在主要受益于北方所形成的"狂欢化"的民俗环境,各种表演技艺得以进行有机的聚合,并实现"形式"和"材质"的进步。而至元代后期,由于南戏的生存状况大为改善而北剧却逐渐脱离原本的民俗环境,二者的发展态势遂不免发生替换转化。

In the Song and Yuan Dynasties,the prosperity and decline of the southern drama and the Yuan variety play are closely related to folklore culture. Although formed earlier than the Yuan variety play,the southern drama maintains long in the form of primary opera,because there is no fundamental change in the orthodox mindset which looks down upon Song Dynasty folklore. And yet,mainly affected by the folk environment of carnival in the northern region,Yuan variety play prospers and develops,integrating all kinds of traditional performing arts,so that it has realized the great artistic innovation. However,in the late Yuan Dynasty,Yuan variety play gradually goes away from the original folk environment while the southern drama starts to receive people’s attention and its status improves greatly. Thereby their development trends alternate and transform inevitably.