清代“大一统”思想与东北边疆地区行政管理体制创制

The concept of“national unity”of the Qing dynasty and the construction of the administrative system of the northeast borderlands of China

清朝统治者突破了以往历代王朝"华夷之辨"的思想局限,倡导并积极实践"大一统"思想。这一思想经历了几个发展阶段,即清入关前皇太极提出"满蒙汉一体"的新的民族观,是其开端;顺康时期基本形成,圣祖废长城而不用;雍乾时期趋于成熟与完善,世宗提出"中外一家"理念,高宗最终实现国家"大一统";晚清时期又有新发展,筹划在边疆地区"设行省、改郡县",实现边疆与内地管理体制的一体化,以抵御列强侵略。随着"大一统"思想的不断发展,清廷对东北边疆地区的行政管理体制也不断进行改革和创新,在清入关前至清初实行八旗制,清代前中期实行以八旗驻防制为主体、多种体制并存的管理体制,晚清时期则普遍设立州县,最终建立行省体制。东北地区行政管理体制的变迁是清朝践行不断发展的"大一统"思想的例证。

By advocating and implementing the concept of ＂national unity＂, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty broke through the limitations of the previous dynasties that distinguished the Huaxia group from the ethnic minority groups. This concept had gone through several stages of development. Emperor Huang Taiji put forward the new concept of ＂unity of the Manchu, the Mongolian and the Han＂ before the Qing dynasty went on the expedition through the Shanhai Pass. This concept became more mature in the period of Emperor Shunzhi and Emperor Kangxi who stopped using the Great Wall as a fortification. In the period of Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong, this concept became even more mature after the former put forward the concept of ＂unity of the Manchu and other ethnic groups＂ and the latter realized the ＂national unity＂ of the Chinese nation. The development of this concept found expression in the late Qing dynasty when the Qing government set up provinces and counties in the borderlands for the integrated administration of the borderlands and the interior in order to resist aggression. This concept also led to the constant improvement and innovation of the administrative system for the northeast borderlands of China, that is, the implementation of the Eight- banner System in the early period of the Qing dynasty, the administrative system with the Eight-- banner System as the backbone plus other systems in the middle period of the Qing dynasty, and the establishment of counties under prefectures and provinces in the later period of the Qing dynasty, which embodied the implementation of the concept of ＂national unity＂.