柳洲詞派與詞壇中興

On the “Liuzhou School” and the Revival of Ci

天啓、崇禎之間,柳洲詞人羣始以詞派的身份出現,後一直活躍於清初詞壇,歷時半個多世紀。大致前期以王屋爲盟主,後期以曹爾堪爲領袖。崇禎九年(1636),隨着王屋、錢繼章、吴熙、曹爾堪四人《詞箋》系列的刊刻問世,該派確立了惟"性情"是從,以"可騷可賦"、"可羣可怨"爲價值取向的詞學主張,擁有了共同宣言,在崇禎詞壇與雲間詞派雙峯並峙,各具風采。在王屋、曹爾堪先後主盟下,柳洲詞派不僅形成了以"清"爲特徵的閑澹秀脱的主導風格,而且率先開啓了始於蘇軾、盛於南宋的"非本色"的"變調"之風,與陳子龍至清初"本色論"者遠紹唐五代北宋的"正體"相並而行,交相推進了明清之際的詞壇中興。

Under the reign of Emperor Xizong and Emperor Sizong,there arose a community of poets who identified themselves as "Liuzhou School" which lasted for over half a century and was active on the arena of poetry even in the early Qing Dynasty. It evolved roughly through two stages,the first of which was represented by Wang Wu,while the second phase was led by Cao Erkan. The ninth year of the reign of Emperor Sizong witnessed the publication of a series of cut blocks entitled Letterform Poems,composed by Wang Wu,Qian Jizhang,Wu Xi and Cao Erkan,along with which the Liuzhou School developed a manifesto,based upon its members' shared writing practice,which laid emphasis on the poetic function of ci,a type of classical Chinese poetry,thus forming its unique style and challenging the supremacy of the "Yunjian School" on the Chongzhen arena of poetry. Respectively led by Wang Wu and Cao Erkan,the Liuzhou School not only developed a dominantly "pure" style characteristic of serenity and detachment,but also launched a movement featuring "non standardization" and "variation" ,which could be traced back to Su Shi and once flourished in the Southern Song Dynasty,hence running parallel to "authenticity" as advocated by Chen Zilong and some early Qing Dynasty poets who inherited the tradition of "standardized forms" which was prevalent in the Tang Dynasty,the Five Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. The interaction of the two schools,therefore,resulted in the revival of ci as an arena in the late Ming Dynasty and the early Qing Dynasty.