劉邦集團侍衛組織的組成結構、戰時職能與王朝化歷程

The Composition and Duties of Liu Bang Group's Bodyguard System during the Establishing Process of the Han Dynasty

本文由漢帝國成立之歷程,考察劉邦集團侍衛組織的組成結構和戰時職能,並從其王朝化的歷程和特色當中,思考其對漢初侍衛組織成立的影響。在組成結構上,侍衛組織原以舍人、中涓、謁者等散從近侍爲中心,至屯兵霸上以後,漸以郎將、郎中等統兵軍職爲主體。就組織職能而言,散從和統兵兩職系皆需内充侍衛、外從征伐,且因近侍屬性而需執行臨時性的軍事任務,説明戰時體制下具有濃厚的軍事色彩。然在王朝化歷程中,兩職系職任分以侍衛和戰鬥爲主,爲漢帝國成立後的侍衛化和科層化發展奠定基礎。

In this article,we discuss the composition and duties of Liu Bang Group's bodyguard system during the establishing process of the Han Dynasty,and further explore how the above development affected the establishment of the early Han's bodyguard system. The bodyguard system was mainly composed of traditional retainers such as Sheren(舍人),Zhongjuan(中涓)and Yezhe(謁者). After Liu Bang's troops stationed in Bashang,new retainers such as Langzhong(郎中)and Langjiang(郎將)became the main members of the bodyguard system. The traditional and new retainers not only had bodyguard and military duties,but also had to execute temporary missions. Although the two kinds of retainers had similar duties,the new retainers obviously took charge of more military duties as field forces officials.The differentiation between the two kinds of retainers set the stage for the development of guarding and bureaucratization in the early Han.