同治朝哥老会的蔓延与清政府对策研究

Research on the Spread of Gelaohui in the Reign of Tongzhi and the Countermeasures of the Qing Government

同治年间,由于太平天国与捻军的平定,清政府开始裁遣湘、楚、淮军,营勇的遣散这一举措导致哥老会从军营向地方上蔓延。面对哥老会的全面蔓延,清政府屡出对策。同治六年清政府颁布对营勇加入哥老会"即行正法"的上谕之后,清政府内部又对"就地正法"权展开了多次讨论。与此同时,曾国藩也在地方上提出了"但问其有罪无罪,不问其是会非会"与"外宽内严,恩威并济"等措施。同治时期,清政府也商讨过如何安置遣散营勇,但没有拿出一个具体政策与措施来贯彻执行。总之,清政府针对哥老会的种种应对之策没有遏制住哥老会全面蔓延的趋势,最终哥老会成为了对抗晚清政府的重要社会力量。

During the reign of Tongzhi, because the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Nian Army were clamped down, the Qing government began to cut down the Xiang, Chu and Huai Army, which spread Gelaohui from the army to the society. Facing this problem, the Qing government put forward many measures. In the sixth year of Tongzhi ＇s reign, the government stipulated that once the soldiers were found joining in Gelaohui, the execution was carried out on the spot. But many people among the government expressed different ideas about the rights of carrying out the execution on the spot. At the same time, Zeng Guofan thought that the soldiers should be punished according to its guilty, not whether they were joining in Gelaohui. The policy should be strict inside and tempered justice with mercy. Tongzhi discussed how to arrange the demobilized soldiers with his cabinet many times, but no one detailed solution was put forward. In a word, the policies of Qing government did not slow down the spread of Gelaohui, and Gelaohui finally became an important force to fight against the Qing government.