土地物权规范体系的历史基础

Historical Foundations of the System of Real Estate Rights

土地物权规范体系涉及时间维度和社会维度两个面向,这一过程体现了时代的政治经济背景作为宏观推力的重要影响。从法律系统内部观察,物权体系的初步框架是基于公地与私有土地构建出的"所有权一占有"二分体系;在公地多元化利用中逐渐催生出多种债权模式来排除城邦对于土地利用人的侵扰;随着永佃权、地上权、用益权与地役权等他物权规范逐渐成熟,最终成就"所有权一他物权"这一经典的物权体系,在法教义层面具有重要功用与价值。从社会系统外部观察,物权规范体系从来不单单是一种私法层面的权利架构,而是糅合着私人权利、各阶层的利益分配以及国家规制目的的混合产物。经由物权体系所构造出的多层次社会财产分配结构与社会财产秩序,起到社会结构的形成功能;国家也根据不同时期的具体规制目的,直接介入、调试和推动土地物权规范体系的变革。

The system of real estate rights has two dimensions ： the time dimension and the social dimension, which embody the significant impact of political and economic back- grounds of the times. This study reviews the historical development of the conceptual system of real estate rights in ancient Rome. In the period of Roman Republic, the preliminary system of land rights was based on two types of land： ager publicus and ager privatus, on which the legal system of ＂dominium-possessio＂ had formed; diversification in the use of public land gradually gave birth to a variety of modes of obligatory right to exclude intrusions from the state; the Ro- man Empire established a comprehensive system of Jura in re aliena on Roman land, which in- cluded emphyteusis, superficies, usufructus and servitutes. By observing social system from out- side, we can see that the system of real estate rights has never been merely a kind of private right structure, but a mixture of private classes, and purposes of state regulation. righ The ts, distribution of interests among various social system of real estate rights establishes a structure and order of social property distribution, which have the function of social structure formation; sys ods tern of real estate of time