论“混合式”公共风险监管法实施制度

The Hybrid Mode of Enforcement of Public Risk Supervision Law

在公共风险监管领域,如何确保国家监管机关有效执法和行政相对人严格守法,一直是困扰理论界和实务界的难题。作为一种新的公共风险监管法实施形式,"混合式"实施制度不同于现行的公众参与和私人执法等实施制度。它是指,作为行政相对人的生产经营企业起草监管自身所存在的公共风险的"法律规范",经由国家主管行政机关依法审查和批准并公开征求意见之后,交由企业自身来执行,同时,主管国家行政机关和司法机关履行监督职责的执法形式。该制度的合理性基础在于:现行有效的实定法为它提供了规范依据;它能够兼采政府强制型实施制度和企业自愿型实施制度的优势,却避免它们的劣势。为使该制度得以全面适用,公共风险监管法需要为公共风险主管行政机关、司法机关、企业、企业周边居民和其他社会公众配置相应的权利(职权)和义务(职责)。

In the field of public risk supervision, how to ensure that the national regu- latory authorities effectively enforce the law and administrative counterparts strictly abide by the law has always been a question that plagues theoretical and practical circles. The hybrid law en- forcement mode, as a new law enforcement mode, is different from other law enforcement modes, such as the mode of public participation and the mode of private enforcement, in that it lets enterprises, as the administrative counterparts, to prepare draft laws on the regulation of va- rious types of public risks incurred by themselves. These ＂draft laws＂ are examined and ap- proved by national administrative authorities after soliciting public opinions and then handed o- ver to enterprises for implementation under the supervision by administrative and judicial or- gans. The rationality of this system lies in the fact that its normative basis is provided by the current positive law and it has the advantages of both compulsory enforcement by the government and voluntary implementation by enterprises, while avoiding the disadvantages of these two law enforcement modes. This implementation mode has such advantages as authority, efficiency, permeability, adaptability, flexibility, economy and comprehensiveness. In order to make this enforcement mode fully applicable, public risk supervision law should provide for the corre- sponding rights and obligations for administrative and judicial organs, individual enterprises, residents of areas surrounding individual enterprises, and the public.