粤北喀斯特地区排瑶传统聚落的空间分布与景观特征(1704—1960)

Spatial Distribution and Landscape Features of Pai Yao's Traditional settlements in Northern Guangdong Province(1704-1960)

以粤北连南瑶族自治县八排瑶油岭村为例,以排瑶传统聚落为研究对象,通过质性研究、历史文献分析、地理信息分析等方法,研究排瑶传统聚落空间格局特点与景观特征。结果表明:1排瑶的大型聚落主要分布在涡水河流域及其支流,人口主要从东部的油岭、南岗、横坑三个大型聚落迁徙到西部其他聚落定居,传统时代喀斯特峰林地貌环境限制了聚落向东扩展;2排瑶聚落选址基于林地与周边有适宜梯田耕作的坡地及水源的考虑,排瑶的聚落景观要素主要由森林、梯田及防卫系统等组成。林地刀耕火种与梯田稻作是排瑶的生计基础,传统时代排瑶的梯田位于山腰低坡和山下的小盆地,梯田耕作与管理技术比较粗放;3排瑶传统聚落以森林、石寨门等来确定与周边村庄与社区的界限,利用喀斯特地貌中的陡崖地形有效防范外敌侵犯,村落间聚族而居,具有很强的内聚力。排瑶聚落是瑶族文化的重要组成部分,应加强排瑶聚落环境、传统建筑与景观生态等方面的保护与研究。

This paper takes the rural settlements landscape of Pai Yao as research object and study the spatial Distribution characteristic and landscape features of Pai Yao which are mostly settled in Yao Autonomous County of Liannan in northern Guangdong Province, as a branch of Yao, the main ethnic groups of the mountains in south China through field surveys and mapping analysis method. We select the Village Youling as study site. We had repaint the old maps of Youling in 17 s and 18 s century, and we had found historical documents and archives before 1958, then we interviewed 12 families in Youling since June, 2013. The results are as follows： ① Pai Yao＇s large settlements mainly established along the Woshui-River and its tributaries. Pai Yao migrated from the east to west. Youling was the largest village of Pai Yao and many families were the descendants of Youling＇s residents. The karst geomorphic environment limits the eastward migration of the population; ②Pai Yao settled in the high hillside where possess a large area of ？？fertile soil and forest. The elements of Pai Yao＇s settlements mainly compose of forest, terraces and defense systems. They manage woodland meanwhile farm terraces as subsistence？production but work in the forest most of the time. They carefully managed the forest by taking a improved slash and burn mode when plant the cedar at the same time rotated corn, sweet potato, soybeans,peanuts etc. The terraces located in the lowland and low slopes, they moved stones to built terrace and the terraces have no floodway and irrigation canals. They adopted t rough techniques in paddy cultivation and management;③Pai Yao＇s traditional settlement surrounded by the defensive forest. They also built stone arches to defense and established the boundaries to the surrounding villages. Pai Yao also take advantage of the karst topography such as the cliffs to prevent foreign invaders and they owned some religious taboos, original concepts and legends which are related to the protection of Karst mountain. There are several common surname group in the village and each surname group owned a neighborhood. The village formed a fixed group structure, with strong cohesion. Pai Yao village landscape is an important part of the Yao culture, but the majority of traditional villages disappeared because of the government-led immigration. Youling is the only large village with inhabited housed and local community.