从语言哲学看语用学与语义学的分界

The Study of the Boundary between Pragmatics and Semantics from the Perspective of Philosophy of Language

在分析性语言哲学背景下,主流观点认为意义是真值条件的,即语句的意义等同于其真值条件,由此形成了基于真假二值的真值条件语义学。真值条件语义学把语言与世界的符合关系作为其关注的重点,这也使其在解释某些语句的意义时形成了自己的局限,促使真假二元论之外的分析性语言哲学直接转化为语用学。语用学与语义学因为有相同的分析性语言哲学渊源,它们分界的讨论应考虑到其相同的哲学背景。正如在日常语言哲学影响下提出会话含意理论的Grice所言,分析性语言哲学的理想语言学和日常语言学两大流派的观点并非是不相容的,而是互补的;语用学与语义学虽是语言学的两个不同分支,但二者也是互补的,中间并没有绝对清晰的界线。

Against the background of the analytical philosophy of language,the mainstream view holds that meaning is truth-conditional,i.e.,the meaning of a statement is its truth conditions,a basis on which truth-conditional semantics is formed. Truth-conditional semantics focuses on the language-world relationship and therefore has its own limitations in interpreting meaning,which prompts the birth of pragmatics beyond the truth and falsity dualism.Due to the fact that pragmatics and semantics have the same philosophical origin——analytical philosophy of language,this paper aims to locate and discuss the boundary between pragmatics and semantics in this very context.As Grice claimed that the two schools of analytical philosophy of language——the ideal language school and the ordinary language school are not incompatible,but complementary,pragmatics and semantics are probably complementary too and there is not any clearly defined boundary between them.