中国古代宫廷试药人制度及其演进

The History and Evolution of Medicine Tester in the Royal Court of Ancient China

中国宫廷试药人制度是中国传统“尝药”礼俗的体制化产物。依据众多历史文献对公元前2世纪～公元18世纪中国宫廷试药制度史的考察表明，中国宫廷试药人制度在历史上先后有三个高峰，分别是东汉的“过量十二”超量服用试药法、唐代的行政化模式和明代的“一分为二”式试药法。技术因素与社会政治动机之间的张力是决定中国宫廷试药制度大体面貌和历史走向的原因。社会政治动机压倒技术考量导致宫廷试药制度呈现出早熟一衰退的技术模式，最终成为一种在君-臣关系框架内进行的徒具技术外壳的社会互动仪式。

The system of medicine tester in the royal court is a production of the institutionalization of the traditional culture of ＂medicine testing＂ in China. By reviewing the literatures of medicine testing system from the 2nd century B. C. to the 18th century in China, the author summarized three peaks throughout the Chinese history： the overdosing approach initiated in the late Han Dynasty, the overall administrative pattern established in the Tang Dynasty and the fine processing marked by the method of ＂equal division＂ in the Ming Dynasty. Moreover, it is concluded that the tension between technological consideration and sociopolitical incentive had been a crucial factor of the development of medicine testing system in the royal court in the ancient China. The sociopolitical incentive＇s overwhelming technological consideration had resulted in the medicine testing system in the royal court followed a premature-declination technical mode, which ended up in the social ritual within the relation between emperor and minister.