制度德性:中国农村土地制度改革的反思

The Virtue of System:Reflection on the Reform of China's Rural Land System

中国农村土地制度经历了从均分化土地私有制到集体所有制,再到家庭承包经营制和承包经营权物权化的复杂变迁过程,有关改革方向的论争主要存在国有化、私有化和集体化三种不同的思路。从制度德性角度分析,集体化思路是最优选择。与制度理性相对的制度德性包含政法逻辑和乡士逻辑两个方面,政法传统承载了政治意图或者意识形态,乡土逻辑背后则隐含了"天理—国法—人情"的辩证统一。合乎制度德性的地权制度必须遵守政法传统、符合乡土逻辑。我国农村土地制度改革的法律进路应该是超越逻辑和规范之上、融合制度理性和制度德性、审慎理性的政治决断。

China＇s rural land system has experienced a complex transform process from the private ownership of even land distribution to collective ownership,and then to the household contract management system and the real right of contracted management.The debates about the reform direction center on three different ideas of nationalization,privatization and collectivization.From the perspective of the virtue of system,collectivization thinking is the optimal choice.In contrast to the rationality of system,the virtue of the system contains the logic of political science and law and the local logic,the former carries political intentions or ideology,and the latter implies the dialectical unification of ＂natural principles national law social relationship＂.The land ownership system in accordance with the virtue of system must follow the traditions of political science and law and then conform to the local logic.The legal path of the reform of rural land system in China should be a prudent and rational political resolution which goes beyond logic and specification,and fuse the rationality of system and the virtue of system.