试析科举行文立范及其影响

Research on the Model Essays of Imperial Examinations and their Influences

选立科举考试行文范式最初出现在五代时期,当时被称为"贡举格"。宋神宗后,科举行文的立范活动开始兴起,南宋时期朝廷与士人均参与其间。元代立范工作主要由民间完成。明廷使科举行文的立范趋于制度化,民间坊刻兴盛。清代对于乡会试录的选编和民间坊刻管控较前代严格得多。历代朝廷选刊科举范文的本意是指导士子写作、改善文风,但一直影响不大。而坊间选刊的科举范文却影响很大,成为士子们考试时模仿、剽窃的对象,其对科举的作用也由有益变为有害。二十世纪初科举制度废除后,科举范文亦告消亡。

The model essays of Imperial Examinations appeared in the period of the Five Dynasties, called as ＂Gongjuge＂. After Song Shenzong, the model essays of Imperial Examinations began to rise. Government and social people are all involved since the Southern Song Dynasty. The work of choosing the model essays were based mainly on social forces in Yuan Dynasty. System of the choosing was more standardized in Ming Dynasty, tighter regulation was executed by Qing government. The original idea of ancient government choosing the model essays was to guide scholars＇ writing ability and to improve the style of writing, while it turned harmful for the Imperial Examination after the model essays became imitation and plagiarism objects of scholars in study. The model essays of Imperial Examinations were died out with Imperial Examination system in early 20th century.