贸易开放对发展中国家企业家精神的影响

The Effects of Trade Openness on Entrepreneurship in Developing Countries

本文采用GEM个体调查数据,考察了贸易开放对发展中国家企业家精神的影响。研究发现贸易开放对本国企业家精神具有显著的负向效应。区分贸易伙伴国后研究发现,在南北贸易中,发展中国家的出口品具有低附加值的特点,并处于产品质量阶梯中的模仿者地位,因而面向发达国家贸易开放对本国企业家精神存在抑制效应;而在南南贸易中,发展中国家之间存在共享式外贸增长的基础和门槛较低的技术扩散效应,因而面向发展中国家贸易开放会有效提升本国企业家精神。从影响机制来看,总体贸易开放和面向发达国家贸易开放对企业家机会和预期利润均产生了显著的负向效应,而面向发展中国家贸易开放则存在显著的正向效应。因此,发展中国家应确定适宜的贸易开放度,着力加强南南贸易空间的开拓,以抵御贸易开放对本国企业家精神所带来的竞争冲击。

This paper has taken the individual survey data of developing countries in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor （GEM）, investigating the impact of trade openness on entrepreneurship. This study indicates that trade openness in developing countries has a significantly and robustly negative effect. Moreover, the study on the distinction between trad- ing partners indicates that when the developing countries participate in North-South trade with the trade structure of exporting low value-added products and acting as the imitators role in the quality ladder, there will be an inhibitory effect on domestic entrepreneurial spirit; while the basis of the inclusive trade growth among developing countries and the low threshold of technology diffusion effect will effectively enhance domestic entrepreneurial spirit when the developing countries participate in South-South trade. Through further empirical study on effect mechanism, it turns out that trade openness both in general and for developed countries have a significantly negative effect not only on the probability of discovering entrepreneurial opportunities for individuals but also on the expected profits for incumbent entrepreneurs. Yet trade openness for developed countries has a significant and positive effect on them. Therefore, developing countries should establish moderate trade openness and enhance the expansion of trade space and scope to resist the competition impact on domestic entrepreneurship brought by trade openness.