游移于情礼困境:魏晋士人阶层的人生哲学

The Literati's Philosophy of Life during the Wei and Jin Dynasties

魏晋士人阶层通过辨名析理,规范人生的行动指南,呈现出异彩缤纷的生命气质和心灵境界;但言论和行动、信仰和实践之间的悖谬性及复杂性,使其游移于情礼困境而难以自拔。情与礼的关系如何实现动态平衡,落实在名教与自然之辨的所持立场。正始名士通过本体论的玄理探讨来设计政治制度,其人生哲学的政治寓意颇强。竹林名士在情礼困境中努力超越政治场域,在批判精神中保存独立精神,张扬人生最高价值的自觉追求。而崇有论和独化论的人生哲学主张适性逍遥,旨在调和兼综名教与自然的关系,但在社会乱局中失去精神的超越性。大致说来,他们的人生哲学由现实功利性的诉求演变为精神超越性的追求,而其精神世界的侧重面由政治气质的培育转向审美境界的涵养。

The literati were characterized by colorful temperament and spiritual realm of life as manifested by their name reasoning and regulating the action guide of life; however, the paradox and complexity between words and actions and between faith and practice reduced them to the plight of sentiment and rites. How to achieve a dynamic equilibrium between the two and to take the position in the argument between name and nature were fully expressed in the literati＇s profound ontology discussion to design a political system. Their philosophy of life was quite political. In the dilemma of sentiment and rite, some literati strived to exceed the political field to save independence in the critical spirit and to publicize a conscious pursuit of the highest value of life. And some advocated adaptable happiness, aiming at reconciling the relationship between name and nature, but they lost the spiritual transcendence in the social chaos. Generally speaking, their philosophy of life evolved from the realistic utilitarian appeal into the pursuit of spiritual transcendence, while their spiritual world changed the focus form on nurturing the political temperament to on cultivating the aesthetic realm.