传统的固守与变迁:上海清明节祭扫习俗的都市化进程

The Maintenance and Transformation of Tradition: The Urbanization of the Sacrificial Custom Practices at Tomb-sweeping Festival in Shanghai

现有关于清明节节俗的研究,基本停留在对节俗渊源的追溯以及对节俗文化内涵及其功能普适性的介绍上,因而忽视了在动态历史进程中来考察清明节俗实践活动与其所处的社会语境之间的关系。立足于现代化的都市语境来考察上海的清明节节俗活动,可以发现上海清明节俗实践承传与变迁的主要特征。调研发现:被日益深度地纳入到政府公共服务管理体系的清明节,正通过道具/仪式替换而走向"文明";新技术亦在改变都市人的清明节消费观念;而墓园周边新兴农贸市场的怀旧气息也进一步提示了都市清明节与传统农业社会清明节的分离。清明节实践形式的改变,正在根本上将传统的、与农业文明相适应的清明节转变成现代的、与都市文明相适应的"传统"节日。

Current study on the Tomb-sweeping Festival mainly focuses on the trajectory of the festival as well as its cultural connotation and function,and the relationship between the festival practices and its social context in a dynamical historical process has been ignored. By studying the practices at Tomb-sweeping Festival in Shanghai in the context of a modern urban society,this paper finds out that the customs of Tomb-sweeping Festival in Shanghai are maintained and meanwhile transformed. What is maintained is to express longing and concerns to lost family members at a certain time and what is transformed is the practical forms. With the changes of practical forms,the Tomb-sweeping Festival,which is originally suitable to the agricultural civilization,gradually transforms into a festival suitable to the modern urban civilization. The sacrificial practices of the Tomb-sweeping Festival are gradually intermingled with the urban civilization.