秦汉官吏称“主”与行政责任

The Officers Called“zhu”in the Qin and Han Dynasties and Administrative Responsibility

秦汉史料中经常可以看到对某位或某些官员以"主"为中心的称谓界定。官吏称"主",反映出秦汉政府在行政运作中对相关责任人的主与次的区分,是对这些官吏"主要负责人"身份的特意强调。称"主"官吏通常处于统摄全局的职位或需要对某事直接负责,在行政运作中的地位较为核心,比其他官吏承担更多的责任和风险。就称代内容和层级而言,秦汉官吏称"主"主要指涉行政事务的具体经办者、经办者的直接领导、间接主管以及负有监管与连带责任的上级等等。秦汉政府通过称"主"来明确与这些岗位相关的行政责任,以强化官员的责任意识、提高行政效率。

In Qin and Han historical documents, a lot of officers were called ＂zhu＂ in different forms. Calling the officers ＂zhu＂ reflected the distinction of primary and secondary position in administrative running, and also emphasized the status of these officers in charge of administrative affairs. The officers called ＂zhu＂ were always responsible for the overall situation or directly in charge of something, so they needed to take on more risk and responsibility than other officers. From the content and rank, the officers called ＂zhu＂ included clerks, direct and indirect governors, and responsible supervisors. The appellation of ＂zhu＂ had helped the government of the Qin and Han dynasties to strengthen the sense of responsibility of the officers and increased the work efficiency.