汉语表达序数范畴的语法手段与空间参照

On the Grammatical Devices and Space Encoding Mechanisms in Chinese Ordinal Category

汉语表达序数范畴的语法手段,主要有使用标记、不使用量词、变更语序、省略中心名词等4种。"第"是使用最多最广泛的序数专职标记。汉语表达序数范畴的语法手段常常离不开空间因素的作用。借助方位词标记序数时,方向对立的两个方位词可以提供空间或时间次序,能为序数表达提供一定程度上的次序参照。不使用量词,名词所指事物单个成员的个体空间就没有得到凸显,计量作用就被弱化或消除,转而表示事物的次序。基数表达式的语序总是数词在前,名词在后,这种空间顺序可以构成序数表达式的反向参照。用省略中心名词的手段来表示序数时,最重要的条件就是量词必须具有很强的空间性,能够提供一个空间位置。

There are four major grammatical devices to express Chinese ordinal category,namely,[di＋cardinal],[cardinal＋noun],[noun＋cardinal],[cardinal＋classifier].The Chinese particle di is the most frequently and widely used grammatical marker which has the only function to indicate ordinals.The grammatical devices usually work with space-related factors.In those using locatives to mark ordinals,the two words denoting opposite directions are indicators of the order of space or time,functioning as reference for ordinal expressions.When classifiers are not used,the individual space of an entity is not highlighted and their measuring function is removed;unlike the pattern with classifiers expressing the quantity of entities,the pattern without classifiers expresses the order of entities.Cardinal expressions are always in the pattern of[cardinal＋noun],which serves as a contrastive encoding mechanism for ordinal expressions.The ordinal expression with an omitted head noun must meet the requirement that the chosen classifier has a strong sense of spatiality to provide a space position.