2014年湖南省农村环境卫生健康危害因素调查

Environmental health hazards in rural areas of Hunan Province, 2014

目的 了解湖南省农村改水改厕现况、垃圾和污水处理状况，为相关行政部门制定改善农村环境卫生治理措施提供依据。 方法 按分层随机方式抽取14个地市的30个县、600个行政村和3 003户家庭，采用统一的调查表，通过访谈、现场观察等方法收集相关资料和数据。 结果 2014年湖南30个县农村集中式供水覆盖61．58％的监测人口，处理方式以沉淀过滤为主（占39．55％），水厂的水质消毒仅占34．74％（含完全处理和仅消毒）；卫生户厕数普及率为55．84％，以完整下水道水冲式为主，占55．12％；农村公共厕所分布较少；垃圾污水处理厂主要覆盖县城，以填埋垃圾处理方式为主；生活垃圾收集方式以定点堆放为主（占56．33％）；随意堆放生活垃圾的村占14％；60％家庭生活垃圾通过焚烧处理；调查村平均生活污水产量为64．84吨／d，以随意排放和排到明沟为主，分别占44％和38％。 结论 农村改水改厕、垃圾和污水处理状况仍不规范，存在影响人群身体健康的危险因素较多，需进一步采取各种有效措施改善农村环境卫生现状。

Objective To investigate the current status of water quality and sanitary latrine improvement, garbage and sewagetreatment in rural areas of Hunan Province so as to provide a basis for the relevant administrative departments to formulate themeasures regarding rural sanitation improvement. Methods Thirty counties, 600 administrative villages and 3,003 householdswere selected by stratified random sampling. With the uniform questionnaires, interviews and field observation were conducted tocollect the related data. Results The population coverage of rural centralized water supplies in 30 counties under the surveil-lance in Hunan Province in 2014 was 61.58 %. The main treatment of centralized water supply was precipitate filter （39.55 % ）,and disinfection （including complete processing and disinfection only） accounted for only 34.74 %. The coverage rate of sanitarylatrine was 55.84 %, and the main treatment of sanitary latrine was complete sewer flush, accounting for 55.12 %. There was alack of public toilet in the rural areas. The garbage and sewage treatment plant mainly served township residents, and the maintreatment of garbage plant was landfill. The main method of rubbish collection in the rural areas was piling up in the specifiedsites （56.33%）, but villages with rubbish piling up randomly accounted for 14%. The main method of rubbish treatment wasburning （60%）. The mean output of sewage in the surveyed villages was 64.84 tons per day, and the main methods for sewagetreatment were free discharge （44 % ） and discharge in open drain （38 % ）. Conclusions The water quality and sanitary latrineimprovement, garbage and sewage treatment in the rural areas of Hunan Province is not standardized. There still exist varioushealth- related risk factors; and hence, effective countermeasures are needed urgently to improve the rural environmental sanita-tion.