环境质量目标主义:关于环境法直接规制目标的思考

Environmental Quality Objectives:The Deliberation on Environmental Law Built on Directly Regulating Objective

生态文明要求环境法反映环境保护的本质,以实现人与自然和谐的目标。不法行为惩罚主义的环境法以行为人"不犯"为直接规制目标,无法控制由不同环境消费者实施的总行为;总行为控制制度以控制总行为作为法律的直接规制目标,可以控制总影响,便于实现既定的控制目标,但这种制度下的总行为控制边界不一定符合环境保护的实际需要。环境质量目标主义主张把环境质量目标确定为法律的直接规制目标,并根据环境质量目标的要求构建环境法。环境质量目标主义环境法是环保目标先定的法、政府负责的法、服从科学的法,既便于实现立法确定的环境保护目标,又能使法定的环境保护目标更符合人与自然和谐的要求。环境质量目标主义环境法的制度主要有环境质量标准制度、环境决策制度、环境规划制度和环境质量及环保业绩评估制度等。

According to the theory of ecological civilization, the mission of environmental law is to realize the harmony between man and nature. The environmental law built on the illegal act and punishment model cannot control the total consumption of environmental resources by individuals; while the environmental law built on the overall performance control model may have control over the total impact of human behavior on environment and can achieve the environmental targets easier, but the limits set by law may not go along with the actual need of environmental protection, and sometimes may even run in the opposite direction. Therefore, the right model for structuring environmental law is the environmental quality objective model, which requires the legal system in environmental law to focus on identifying and realizing environmental quality objectives. Environmental law built on the environmental quality objective model is a law that has a preset objective for environmental protection, a law that government should be responsible for, and a law that obeys scientific rules. Adopting this model makes it easy to fulfill the environmental protection goals set by law and enables the goals to be more aligned with the need of living harmony with the nature. To switch to this model, four key legal systems should be established or improved in the current environmental law, including environmental quality standards system, decision- making system, planning system and assessment system on environmental quality and government performance.