流域生态补偿机制的标准设计与转移支付安排——基于资金供给视角的分析

Watershed Ecological Compensation Mechanism:Compensation Standard and Fiscal Transfers System——Based on the Perspective of Fund Supply

流域生态补偿机制在保护水资源环境、平衡上下游地区利益关系诸方面发挥着至关重要的作用,而补偿标准的确定则是补偿机制得以有效运行的关键。本文在系统梳理常用补偿标准特点及其实践模式的基础上,结合财政转移支付制度建设,试图搭建科学、合理的流域生态补偿机制框架体系。在界定纵向、横向转移支付分工的前提下,基于"共担、共享"原则,将灰色系统理论引入费用分析方法之中,以转移支付预算安排为研究基点,研判纵向生态保护转移支付数额及各层级政府分摊比例;秉持水资源平等使用权原则,将跨界断面水质标准考核与机会成本法相融合,双向判定横向转移支付体系中的补偿主体及补偿金额。本文围绕补偿标准设计与转移支付制度安排,构建规范的流域生态补偿机制,为进一步完善我国流域管理体制提供有益参考。

Watershed ecological compensation mechanism plays an important role in the protection of water environment and the balance of the interests between the upstream and downstream areas. Setting ecological compensation standard is the key to successful implementation of compensation mechanism. Based on characteristics and practices of common compensation standards, with China＇s fiscal transfer payment system, this paper aims at building a standardized framework of watershed ecological compensation. At first, we should clearly define the division of horizontal and vertical fiscal transfer. Then based on the ＂sharing and win-win＂ principle, in order to solve the budget of transfer payment problem, we combine the gray system theory with cost analysis to determine the proportion of longitudinal transfer payments~ based on equal right of using water resources, we integrate the cross- sectional assessment of water quality standards and the opportunity cost to judge the subject and the amount of compensation in vertical transfer payments. The watershed ecological compensation mechanism, which focuses on fiscal transfers and compensation standards, will provide a useful reference to further improve water environment here in China.