另一种资本主义精神批判——从鲍德里亚的仿像的三个等级说起

The Criticism on Another Kind of Capitalist Spirit—— Start from the Three Orders of Simulacra of Baudrillard

西方社会早在宗教改革之前就出现了一种模仿和顺从的精神。如果说这种精神在资产阶级刚刚诞生的时候仍然局限在新兴的资产阶级那里,那么随着资本主义制度的建立,这种资产阶级精神已经成为一种普遍现象。鲍德里亚用"仿像的三个等级"来说明这个历史过程。发达资本主义社会中的"仿真"是模仿的极端形式。这种模仿的精神从表面上看否定了资本主义社会中等价交换的原则,但是从根本上继承了等价交换的精神,即本质上不同东西的虚假同一性。它从另一个方面维护了资本主义社会系统的运行。这种资本主义精神如今已经与人们的生存斗争原则结合在一起,而对政治、经济和文化生活产生了极大的危害。人成为模仿他人而生活的"自动木偶",成为任由他人操纵的"代码",生活失去了其本真的意义。

Long before the protestant reformation, the spirit of simulation and compliance has been emerged. If the spirit was narrowly located in newly born bourgeoisie at the time of its emergence, then with the establishment of institution of capitalism, the spirit has become a universal phenomenon. Jean Baudrillard described this historical development with the phrase ＂the three orders of simulacra＂. Developed capitalist society has pushed the ＂simulation＂ to its extreme. Superficially, the spirit of simulation seems to deny the principle of equal exchange, but at bottom, it takes over the spirit of equal exchange, namely the hypocritical identification of completely different things. It protects the system of capitalism in another perspective which is different from the protestant ethics. This capitalist spirit has merged with the principle of struggle of existence, and has negative affects on political, economical and cultural life. Human being has become ＂automatic puppet＂ who could only simulate the life of others, become the ＂code＂ which could completely be controlled by others. Life has lost its authentic meaning.