停车管理及其与城市土地使用的互动——理据与实践

PARKING MANAGEMENT AND THEIR INTERACTION WITH LAND USE: THEORY AND PRACTICE

停车成本是机动车出行的固定成本之一。停车费用管理对于降低小汽车依赖,建立可持续的城市交通体系至关重要。但目前我国多数城市停车收费水平较低,停车费用管理没有得到充分重视。鉴于此,本文首先从经济学的理论视角,阐述了如何利用停车价格解决城市交通拥堵和由此带来的外部性;其次结合西方城市实践,以案例的方式介绍了基于需求反应的停车费用管理,基于雇主的出行需求管理和建立停车收益区3个政策方法;第三,从交通与土地利用互动的视角提出了停车费用管理与空间相关的3个关键因素。结论部分总结了西方停车费用管理转变的主要特征,即(1)停车费用的设定应考虑小汽车交通带来的所有外部社会成本;(2)取消任何形式的免费停车,由驾车者支付停车费用;(3)利用精细化的停车费用管理,调控交通需求在城市中的空间分布,减少小汽车的使用。结论同时强调了停车与土地利用互动对于形成促进城市可持续发展的整体政策框架的意义和重要性。

Parking fees constitute part of the generalized cost of driving. Efficient parking pricing strategies can help reduce car dependency and bring environmental and economic benefits. In China, parking is largely underpriced. Parking management and pricing are often ignored. This paper provides both theoretical and pragmatic reference for China＇s parking policy-making. First, we discuss how parking pricing may be used to relieve traffic congestion and externalities from the perspective of transportation economics. Second, some best practices on parking management are introduced, including demand-responsive parking pricing, employer-based travel demand management and parking benefit district. Third, this paper explainshow land use and parking supply be geographically interacted for reducing car use. Finally, the paper concludes with the main features of sustainablyoriented parking paradigm, including （1） an efficient parking price that reflects external social costs of driving; （2） the abolishment of any free parking; and （3） utilizing parking pricing to manage auto travel demand and reduce car use. Meanwhile, the interaction between parking supply and land use pattern deserves more academic attention for obtaining a sustainable transportation system.