理工科大学生对静电学重要物理模型理解现状的调查研究

Actuality Study of Science and Technologic Student's Understanding of Important Physical Models in Electrostatics

编制静电学重要物理模型测试量表,对137名理工科学生进行调查。Rasch模型分析显示,测试样本信度为0.81,测试题目信度为0.98,该量表具有较高的综合信度,可以作为测试理工科大学生对静电学重要物理模型理解现状的参考工具;成绩-集中度分析表明,理工科学生对静电学重要物理模型的理解类型较多集中在LM型(2个比较集中的错误模式)和MM型(2个普遍模式(1个正确,1个错误,其中正确的占主要)),即学生对电场、电介质、相互作用模型的理解存在普遍的相异模型,且学生的理解具有情境依赖性。根据研究结果对静电学教学存在的问题进行了剖析,并提出了几点教学建议:静电学教学应关注学生对相关重要模型的建构,强调从真实问题中抽象模型,不要过早引入数学公式和物理名词,教师应转变教学思路,对于静电学中大量抽象模型应利用多种手段(如实验、动画、仿真等相结合的方式),让学生在感性认识中加深印象。

A test scale for important electrostatic model is prepared to investigate 137 science and technologic students.Rasch model analysis shows that the reliability of test sample is 0.81 and the reliability of test item is 0.98.So its integrated reliability is higher,which can be used as test tool for testing the situation of the student's understanding of the model.The result-concentration level analysis shows that the comprehension patterns of science and technology students mainly belong to LM(two more concentrated wrong models)and MM(two common models,one is right and one is wrong,but the right one is dominated)).It means that the students have common exclusive model in the field of dielectric,electric fields and interaction model,in addition,the student's cognition relies on the situation.According to the results,the existing problems in electrostatic teaching are analyzed and some suggestions are put forward:the electrostatic teaching should concentrate on student's construction of related important models,emphasis on abstract model from the real issues;mathematical formulas and physical terms should not be introduced untimely,teachers should change their teaching thought,and use a variety of means to deepen student's perceptual knowledge of a large amount of abstract model of electrostatics(such as a combination of experiments,animation,emulation and so on).