利用外部“他者”：俄罗斯总统言论中有关美国与中国表述(2000-2015)的比较分析

Making Use of the Foreign ‘Others' :Comparative Analysis of Representations of the USA and the PRC in the Rhetoric of the Russian Presidents(2000-2015)

对于俄罗斯总统们修辞的分析表明,提及外部他者是一个常常使用的象征性来源。俄罗斯总统讲话对于美国和中国形象的表述,有很大的差异。首先,美国他者在总统言论中的提及频率几乎是中国的四倍,但是中国以一种更加积极正面的方式被表述。其次,不同总统任期内的表述模式也有很大差异。再次,尽管饱受诟病,他者美国仍然常常被认为是"值得学习的榜样",而他者中国的经验则被认为是十分特殊的模式,俄罗斯未必会效法。整体而言,在俄总统言论中,中国"他者"的建构仍然受到自我认同的历史路径的支配,而美国作为更重要的"他者"则是将俄罗斯政治进程合法化的重要参照物。因此,在可遇见的未来,俄罗斯政治领导人很难用"东方",来"取代"西方这个最关键的"重要他者"。

Analysis of the rhetoric of the Russian presidents indicates that references to foreign others are an actively employed symbolic resource. There are clear differences between Russian presidents＇ rhetoric about American and Chinese images. First, the American Other appears in the presidential rheto- ric almost four times more frequent than the Chinese one, but China is repre- sented in a more affirmative way. Second, there are also significant differences in modes of representation between the presidential terms. Thirdly, in spite of all criticism the American Other is still quite often considered as ＂a model to fol- low＂ while the Chinese Other experience is considered as a model much rarer, which Russia may not necessarily follow. On the whole, the American Other remains an important reference point for legitimization of the Russian political course while the Chinese ＂Other＂ was structured by historical patterns of self- identification. Consequently, in the considerable future, it will be difficult for Russian political leaders to ＂replace＂ the West, the most significant ＂other＂ with the ＂East＂.