清代朝贡贸易中的贡使身份问题探析——以18世纪初苏禄国贡使案为例

The Envoy Identity in Tributary Trade System in Qing Dynasty——A Case Study of Saltanah Sulu in the 18^(th) century

从鱼贩、水手到通事、贡使,福建人马光明往来于苏禄与中国之间。朝贡贸易中华人贡使的身份是否成为"问题"取决于是否发生不法行为,马光明一案反映了华人之间的经济纠纷与朝贡贸易的关系,也集中展示了清帝国在执行海洋政策中的偏差,以及对内与对外造成的差异。东南海域流动的自然与社会环境,以及所谓"朝贡体制"下的特殊秩序,促使了华人与贡使之间身份的"流动"与转化。

Ma Guangming,once a fishmonger,then a sailor,interpreter and envoy,was always sailing on the sea between China and Saltanah Sulu.It all depends on the law whether envoy＇s identity became a problem in tributary trade system.Ma Guangming case not only reflects the relation between economic dispute and the tributary trade system,but also demonstrates the bad implementation of the Empire Qing＇s maritime policy,and the difference of the domestic and foreign policy.Benefiting from the natural and social environment of the Southeast Sea,and the borderless tributary system,a Chinese often changed his identity and became a Sulu envoy.