谋新与端本——清末满蒙文高等学堂考论

Manchu and Mongolian Colleges in the Late Qing Dynasty

作为近代民族高等教育的开端，满蒙文高等学堂既要“谋新”，即改革旧有八旗教育，以期符合现代学校体制，因应新政改革；同时，该学堂又被赋予“端本”的特殊使命，即造就满蒙藏文通才，以保存国粹，经营蒙藏，最终养成明体迭用之才。满蒙文高等学堂的设计方案颇称完善，晚清政府对此也高度重视，详订章程、广延教习、优待师生。但囿于时局大势，未收其效。民国肇建，学制更新，引发关于前清学堂程度与性质的论争，进而激起中央学会会员互选资格风波，反映出新旧体制转型过渡期的复杂性与艰难性。

As the beginning of modern ethnic higher education, Manchu and Mongolian College should both seek innovation by reforming the old education of the Eight Banners in order to confirm to the reform of the new deal and the modern school system and at the same time, fulfill its special missions of maintaining the quintessence of the country, developing Mongolia and Tibet and cultivating talents steeped in Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan languages. Although the late Qing government attached a great importance to the building of Manchu and Mongolian College, the results were unsatisfactory due to the changed situations. The founding of the Republic of China and the reform of the school system aroused debates about academic quality and nature of the schools in the early Qing Dynasty, and then stirred up the quarrel of the qualification of the mutually elected members of the Central Academy, which reflected the complexity and difficulty in the transition of the old and new educational systems in the late Qing Dynasty.