日语句末名词句的句法特征研究——以句末名词的定语成分为例

Syntactic features of Japanese final noun sentences:Centered on the attributives of final nouns

句末名词句以"名词+ダ"结尾,名词前面必须有定语成分,且句子主语和谓语之间不具有同一关系或包含关系。由于句末名词意义虚化,需要定语成分的帮助才能充当句子谓语。定语成分补充说明句末名词的内容,句末名词则对定语成分的内容进行限定。在句末名词的定语从句中,主格标记「ガ」无法替换为「ノ」,这说明句末名词正在向助动词转变。句末名词句的不同意义用法在句末名词定语从句的层级结构上表现出差异,按照"所属、性质→相对时间→状态→动作(思考判断、感觉)、事件→传闻"的顺序,句末名词定语从句的层级结构依次升高,由现象层面上升到表达层面。

Final noun sentences are ended by ＂noun ＋ da＂, and there must be an attribute before the noun. There is no coincidence relation or inclusive relation between the subject and the predicate. The final noun needs attributive to act as predicate, due to its insufficient meaning. The attributive completes the meaning of the final noun which in turn defines the content of the attributive. In the attributive clauses, nominative case marker ＂ga＂ cannot be replaced by ＂no＂, which means that the final nouns have been grammaticalized to auxiliary verbs. The meanings of final noun sentences form a rank of ＂kind, character→relative time→state→action （ including thinking and feeling）, matter→hearsay＂. In accordance with the rank, the hierarchical structure of attributive clauses rose in turn, from event level to express level.