魏晋南北朝帝王谥法研究(上)

A Study on the Norms of Emperor Posthumous Name in Wei Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties( I)

本文对魏晋南北朝时期帝王谥法的理论构建和礼仪范式做了探讨。《通典》卷一〇四《凶礼二六》"帝王谥号议"是对唐之前帝王谥法理论最全面的概括,杜佑追叙了黄帝、颛顼、尧、舜等谥号的由来;以问答的形式,征引了《大戴礼记》《礼记·乐记》《白虎通》《五经通义》等文献,说明谥法与行迹直接相关、谥法的取得必须以爵位为前提、追谥父祖可改谥爵、天子崩南郊称天而谥等,这些基本原则和理论大都为春秋、战国、汉代及后代所遵循,也是魏晋南北朝时期构建帝王谥法的理论基石。蔡邕《独断·帝谥》是现存最早的关于帝王谥字的单篇文献,之后南朝的贺琛又将谥字分为君谥、臣谥和妇人谥,直接影响到后世的谥法。魏晋南北朝时期,帝王谥法的礼仪范式日渐繁缛、亦愈加制度化,但是群臣谥议、南郊告谥、题谥于神主之背等主要仪式并没有改变。

In this paper,ritual paradigm and theory construction of emperor posthumous name norms in Wei,Jin,and Southern and Northern Dynasties are explored. In ancient China,as kings,princes,ministers,concubines and other people of certain status died,the court rulers would evaluate them out of goodwill according to their lifetime behavior and moral character,and then a posthumous name was conferred on the basis of the evaluation. According to Tong Dian by Du You who explored the posthumous names of Huangdi,Zhuanxu,Yao,Shun,etc.,the practice of conferring the posthumous name was directly related to the whereabouts and must be made with a title as the premise. These basic principles and theories were followed by the subsequent dynasties and finally served as the theoretical foundation for the construction of posthumous name norms in the Wei,Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties. During the same period,emperor posthumous name ritual paradigm was growing trivial and more institutionalized,but other major ceremonies like posthumous name ministers meeting,posthumous name reported in the southern suburbs and posthumous name to the altar at the back haven ＇t changed.