克劳斯法逐级冷凝回收硫磺的工艺设计考量

A Study on Claus Process for Recovering Sulfur by Staged Condensation

克劳斯（Claus）法硫磺回收工艺是天然气和炼厂气净化中应用最广泛的工艺，其生产的硫磺产品全部需经硫冷凝器逐级冷凝回收，通常根据催化反应级数，在工艺流程中设置3-4级硫冷凝器来冷凝回收单质硫。因介质腐蚀性强、液硫黏度大，硫冷凝器在操作中容易出现腐蚀、硫雾夹带、堵塞等问题。通过热力学原理来阐述硫冷凝过程黏度与温度等参数的特性函数关系，重点分析硫雾形成原因、硫蒸气损失对硫回收率的影响和解决措施。克劳斯法逐级冷凝回收硫磺过程中，各级硫冷凝器操作温度和质量流速是影响操作和回收率的关键工艺参数，设计时，冷凝器冷端介质参数（温度、流量或发生蒸汽压力）在条件允许下应留有适宜的灵活性，允许单独控制每级硫冷凝器的操作温度，以提高装置操作的适应性、灵活性和可靠性，保证长周期安全稳定运行。

The Claus sulfur recovering process is the most commonly used technology in natural gas and re- finery gas purification applications.All sulfur produced in the process has to be recovered by staged condensa- tion in sulfur condensers.Usually,depending on the order of catalytic reaction,3-4 stages of sulfur condensers are set in the process to recover elemental sulfur by condensation.As the medium is highly corrosive and the liquid sulfur has high viscosity,the sulfur condenser can easily be corroded and clogged during operation.Sul- fur haze entrainment is also common.Based on the thermodynamic principle,this article describes the charac- teristic function relationships between varoius parameters,such as viscosity and temperature,during condensa- tion ,analyzes the causes of the generation of sulfur haze and the effect of sulfur vapor loss on sulfur reeov- ery and proposes solutions During sulfur recovery by staged condensation using the Claus method,operating temperatures and mass velocity are the key process parameters affecting operation and recovery rate.When de- signed ,the parameters for cold end medium of condensers （temperature ,flow rate or generated steam pressure） should have appropriate flexibility if conditions permit,allowing separate control of the operating temperature of each sulfur condenser to improve the adaptability,flexibility and reliability of unit operation,thus ensuring long-period safe and stable operation.