论女性社会保障的需求及实现——生育政策逐步放开背景下对女性社会保障制度发展的思考

The Demands and Realization of Women's Social Security——A Reflection on the Development of Women's Social Security Systems Against the Background of Fertility Policy Adjustment

当前我国女性社会保障权利的实现以就业为前提,这种"个体型"的社会保障不利于保障女性的权利。在严格执行独生子女政策、女性广泛就业的背景下,女性社会保障权利的特殊性并不明显。在计划生育政策逐步放开的背景下,女性因生育而回归家庭的时间将延长,其"母亲"等家庭角色进一步强化,因此女性在择业、职业发展等方面将面临新的挑战。女性有特殊的社会保障需求,其特殊性首先基于她们作为"母亲"的社会角色;从生理学角度来看,女性对社会保障的依赖更持久;从社会性别分工的结果来看,女性社会保障水平较低;与男性相比,老年女性对社会性照顾依赖度更高。因此,在生育政策逐步放开背景下,女性社会保障需求的特殊性会进一步放大,既有的社会保障制度应该对女性社会保障需求进行回应。

At present, women’s social security benefits are based on employment. Married women cannot benefit from this kind of individual social security. With a family allowed only one child and with mothers generally at work, special social security benefits fall short. However, fertility policies are being adjusted in China, with the role of mothers or other family caregivers emphasized. This does challenge women’s employment and career development. It makes clear, based on foreign research and practice that government should respond to the needs of women in terms of social security. Women rely more on social security than men from the perspective of physiology, while the aged depend more on social caregivers. It is also true that the income level in relation to women’s social security is lower. This shows that women’s social security should be different from that of men. In summary, women’s social security in China should be adjusted alongside fertility equivalents. The demand for women’s social security should be emphasized and the current social security system should respond to women’s needs.