Payments for Ecosystem Services: Market Mechanism or Diversified Modes?

生态服务付费:市场机制还是多元模式?（英文）

Payment for ecosystem services is a concept of environmental protection and method of environmental management that has ＂purchasing conservation＂ as a major feature and has grown around the world since the 1990 s. It is stressed by the school of environmental economics that as a voluntary mechanism of exchange between ecological service providers and demanders, payments for ecosystem services can help to increase inputs and improve efficiency. Ecological economics holds that the ecological system and the complexity of the policy environment restrict the functional space of market mechanisms. The negative influence of the objective of giving priority to efficiency on environmental protection and social fairness cannot be neglected; therefore, the exchange mechanism is just one type of eco-compensation models. Here, we posit that payments for ecosystem services is a good tool for environmental protection and increases inputs and efficiency. Although payment for ecosystem services is confronted with challenges in application, it is playing an increasingly important role in the field of ecological services with a relatively high degree of commodification. Payments for ecosystem services can also increase the cost effectiveness of publicly managed environmental projects with the cooperation of other policy tools.

生态服务付费是20世纪90年代在世界各地逐渐兴起的一种以"购买生态服务"为主要特征的环保理念和环境管理办法。环境经济学派强调生态服务付费,作为生态服务供给者和需求者之间的一种自愿交易机制,有助于增加投入和提高效率。生态经济学派则认为生态系统自身及政策环境的复杂性不仅会制约市场机制的作用空间,而且不应忽视效率优先目标对环境保护和社会公平造成的负面影响,因而主张交易机制只是诸多生态补偿模式中的一种。本文认为,生态服务付费作为一种基于市场的以增加投入、提高效率见长的环保工具,虽然在现实运用中面临较多的制约条件,但其在可商品化程度较高的生态服务领域的确发挥着越来越重要的作用。在与其他政策工具相配合的情况下,生态服务付费还能帮助提高公共管理环境项目的成本效益。