论民法中的单独虚伪表示

Secret Reservation and Lack of Seriousness in Civil Law

在民法学的语境中,单独虚伪表示可分为内心保留和非诚意表示两种类型。内心保留原则上有效,除非表意人能够证明相对人知情。非诚意表示虽然无效,但表意人须就相对人信赖利益的损害承担赔偿责任,除非其能证明相对人知情或有过失。我国现行民法在立法层面缺乏相应的规则。由于地方法院判决中的规则可能会因地而异,且对裁判者来说不具备足够的约束力,所以用法者规则意识的缺失难免会对判决结果的妥当性产生负面的影响。未来的民法典若能在构成要件、法律效果、举证责任等方面对内心保留和非诚意表示作出相应的规定,将会使表意人的自由和相对人的信赖利益得到更为充分的保护。

In the context of civil law theory,secret reservation and lack of seriousness both belong to the category where the declarant makes the individual hypocritical representation.The secret reservation is not void unless the declarant proves that the other person is aware of the reservation.The lack of seriousness is void,but declarant is supposed to compensate the other person for the harm on his reliance interest unless he proves that the other person knew or should have known the reservation,while in current Chinese civil law system,there are no corresponding rules in the level of legislation.Since the rules in the judgment of the local court may vary and are not sufficiently binding on the referee,the lack of ruler’s awareness will inevitably have a negative impact on the validity of the judgment.If the future civil code lays down the constituent elements,legal effects and burden of proof for secret reservation and lack of seriousness,both the freedom of the declarant and the reliance interest of the other person will be protected in a better way.