论先锋派的乌托邦主义

Utopianism of the Avant-garde:Its Origin,Manifestation and Contemporary Relevance

先锋派具有试图整合艺术与政治的乌托邦冲动。其乌托邦气质缘于该词本义,又在演变为文艺批评术语过程中得以强化。先锋派的乌托邦冲动通常直接诉诸于公开发表的宣言,《未来主义成立及其宣言》可谓突出代表。从未来主义这一显著塑造了先锋派概念内涵的文献来看,集体主义、极端主义与激进主义是理解20世纪文艺先锋派乌托邦主义的出发点。在比格尔看来,先锋派旨在打破资本主义艺术体制和艺术自律,建造融艺术于生活的乌托邦。朗西埃则认为,先锋派的乌托邦诉求直指以美学革命范式引领人类解放。在资本主义进入全球化发展的历史语境下,当前先锋派正努力寻求新的可能性。

Defined as a utopian impulse to integrate art and politics, the avantgarde owes its utopianism to its literal meaning as a term, which leads to its metaphorical sense in literary and art criticism. More often than not, this utopian impulse is publicly expressed through a manifesto, as ＂The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism＂ （ 1909 ）does for Futurism, which allegedly shaped the concept of the avant-garde more than any other avant-garde movement. The manifesto reveals collectivism, extremism and activism as points of departure to understand utopianism of the avant-garde. For Peter Biirger, the avant-garde aims at building a utopia that unifies art and life by attacking the bourgeois regime of art with the idea of an autonomous art. For Jacques Ranciere, however, this utopia has to do with human emancipation through art in what he calls the aesthetic revolution. Given the challenges from global capitalism, the avant-garde today has been looking for new tactics to carry on its project.