德国历史与历史观的延续性与维新——一个基于德国一战反思的考察

Continuity in and New Approaches to German History and Historiography-An Analysis based on Germany's Reflections on WWI

德国自第一次世界大战结束以来的有关战争责任的话语更迭浓缩地反映了德国的历史观。作为体现时代色彩的口述史,希特勒自传《我的奋斗》认为德国乃被动地为民族和自由而战,拒绝接受德国战败的耻辱遂成为二战的直接诱因;魏玛共和国对《凡尔赛和约》持修正主义立场,反对所谓的"战争责任谎言"成为此一时期的历史共识;第三帝国强调二战是一战的延续;二战以后,魏玛时期的立场得以复辟,然而历时多年的"费舍尔争论"彻底打破了德国的现代国家话语神话,"德国一战主要责任论"得以确立,批判性自我反思成为德国历史和历史书写的新的延续性。这种延续性已经超越了有关一战的历史共识。

The German historiography is chiefly embodied in the changing discourse on war responsibility since the end of WWI.As an example of oral history with the characteristics of the time,Hitler's Mein Kampfholds holds that Gennany was forced to enter into war for the sake of nation and freedom.His refusal to accept the shame of defeat led directly to the outbreak of WWII.The Weimar Republic took a revisionist position towards the Treaty of Versailles,and the struggle against the so-called 'Kriegsschuldliiüe'( 'the lie of war guilt')became a consensual historical understanding of this period.In the Third Reich,WWII was understood as a continuation of WWI.After a period of restoration of the viewpoint of the Weimar Republic in the first years of the newly-founded Federal Republic,the wFischer Controversy' shattered the myth of modem national discourse of Germany.As a result,the thesis of Fischer that Gennany should bear the primary responsibility for WWI is widely accepted and critical self-reflection becomes the mainstream in German history and historiography.