殷墟陶范、陶模、泥芯的材料来源与处理

Material Source and Processing of Pottery Mould & Ceramic Mold & Clay Core in the Yin Ruins

安阳地区分布有黄土和黑土两种古土壤。殷墟陶范、陶模、泥芯的原材料均来自原生黄土。粉砂是制作陶范、陶模、泥芯的理想材料和关键所在。陶范具有高粉砂的特性,陶范中细料范和双层范的细料层的粉砂含量明显高出原生黄土的粉砂含量,"洗土去泥(去掉黏土)"来提高陶范的粉砂含量是制作陶范的一道重要工序;而粗料范和双层范的粗料层的砂含量远高于黄土的砂含量,这就需要有一个人为加砂的工序。陶模和泥芯的粉砂含量多数略高于原生黄土的粉砂含量,其原因是在洗土去掉杂质的过程中黏土流失造成,非有意提高。陶模的砂含量大多数接近原生黄土的砂含量;而大部分泥芯的砂含量明显高于黄土的砂含量,有的还高出多倍,这说明在制作这些泥芯时有一个人为加砂的工序。另,陶范内部空洞的成因应该是加入了诸如牛粪之类的有机物质,有机物质在焙烧陶范时被燃烧掉形成了空洞。陶范内应该加入了消石灰,消石灰的作用使粉砂之间粘结了起来。

Two kin ds of paleosols available to Shang craftsmen are found in the Anyang area： loessic soil（loess） and alluvial soil（alluvium）. All ceramic molds, models and cores unearthed at Yinxu were made of loess.Silt, a primary component of loess, is key to manufacturing ceramic molds, models and cores. Molds, either those of fine-grained or finer parts of double-layered molds, contain much higher percentage of silt than unprocessed loess materials. As a critical step in the production of molds, the removal of clay from raw loess materials is intended to increase the percentage of silt. The sand content in coarser parts of double-layered molds is much higher than that in loess, suggesting intentional use of sand tempers. Models and cores are slightly higher in silt content than raw loess materials, probably indicating no intention of concentrating silt. Models has similar sand context to loess, while cores contain much higher percentage of sand, suggesting that tempering cores with sand was a deliberate step of core making. Ceramic molds are characterized by the presence of a large amount of microscopic voids which was most likely due to tempering with organic materials such as cattle dung, and subsequent heating during the stage of mold baking. Acting as a binder, lime was added in the making of molds to hold together silt grains that have no plasticity and stickiness.