张氏归义军时期敦煌与内地诸州府国忌行香制度的差异及其原因初探

A Preliminary Study on the Differences in Temple Prayer Service Practice Systems on a National Memorial Day between Dunhuang and Other Prefectures during the Gui-yi-jun Period of Zhang Family Control

张议潮、张淮深叔侄统治时期的敦煌,曾多次举行国忌行香活动。晚唐敦煌的国忌行香活动与内地诸州府相比,至少存在三点差异:其一,国忌日数不同,睿宗、肃宗、德宗的国忌日在内地早已废止,张氏叔侄治下的沙州则继续在其忌日设斋行香;其二,国忌行香举行地点不同,晚唐敦煌以开元寺为主,其他七寺亦有举行,内地诸州府则是所有国忌日均在当州开元寺(观)举行;其三,沙州的国忌行香活动允许士庶百姓参加,内地则不允许。这些差异主要是由于,晚唐沙州举行国忌行香活动并非经过唐中央敕许,而是张议潮自行主动模仿内地制度的结果;同时,也与沙州特殊的寺院体系,以及张氏叔侄希望藉此获得当地士庶支持、巩固自己统治的意愿有关。

Prayer services had been held many times on national memorial days at Dunhuang under the rule of Zhang Yichao and his nephew Zhang Huaishen. These services were different from those held in other Central Plains prefectures during the later Tang period in three ways outlined below. First, the number of national memorial days celebrated was greater at Dunhuag： prayer services were still held at Dunhuang on days commemorating Emperor Ruizong, Emperor Suzong, and Emperor Dezong-three memorial days alreadyabolished in other prefectures around the Central Plains. Second, prayer services at Dunhuang were held in different places： at Dunhuang, such events were mainly held at the Kaiyuan Temple or seven other various temples, whereas commemorative events in other prefectures were held exclusively at the local Kaiyuan Temple.Third, the people who participated in prayer services were different： common people were allowed to participate in the services held at Dunhuang but not in other prefectures. The primary reason for these differences was that such memorial day commemorations were not approved by the Tang government for practice at Dunhuang, meaning that these services beyond the Central Plains region were just imitations of those of the Tang empire. A special temple system at Shazhou and the activity of Zhang Yichao and his nephew, who hoped to garner support from local people and reinforce their control of the region, also contributed to the differences between ceremonial practices at Dunhuang and other areas.