美国族裔社会工作方法与实践转向

On Transformation of Methods and Practices of American Racial and Ethnic Social Work

美国是一个人口构成非常复杂的国家,从本土美国人到新移民,少数族裔在美国人口中的比重不断增加。与主流人群相比,少数族裔承受着更高的健康风险、经济风险、社会适应风险,也蒙受着更多重的社会和心理压力。因此,从学科建立的19世纪至今,美国社会工作实务对象始终以少数族裔为主,并在提供服务和帮助的过程中不断进行着专业反思与能力建设,文化敏感性和文化能力也成为美国社会工作者必须具备的职业素养。进入21世纪,少数族裔仍然是美国社会工作的主要服务对象,在后现代思潮、新马克思主义和文化多元主义影响下,美国少数族裔社会工作发生着变化,关注灵性、注重民族志呈现和回归社区成为转向的三大趋势,受服务群体的自主性得以不断提升,社区内在凝聚力增强,体现了社会工作"助人自助"的学科理念。

The United States has a racially and ethnically diverse population.Only six ethnic and racial categories are officially recognized;White American,Native American,Alaska Native,Asian American,African American,Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander,and people of two or more races.In general,black people and other minority ethnic groups in the US suffer more from the risks of health,psychology,economics and social adaptation,etc.From the 19 th century,American social work has been oriented toward the minority ethnic groups.This situation has prompted discussions about the significance of fluidity and multiplicity of identities that have given prominence to postmodern theories in social work,where the professional reflection and competence construction are more important than before.The cultural sensitiveness and cultural competence are essential qualifications to be a social worker in the Codes of Ethics of the National Association of Social Work.The transformation from body to soul,from individual to community,from quantitative to qualitative,occurred under the influence of Postmodernism,Post-Marxism,and multiculturalism,so the subjectivity and self-consciousness of those people emerged,along with the essential idea of the subject of social work,which contains the idea of ＂helping others to help themselves＂.