吉林省农田土壤肥力现状及变化特征

Status and Change Characteristics of Farmland Soil Fertility in Jilin Province

【目的】距离中国第二次土壤普查已有近30年的时间,受种植活动、作物品种、耕作方式等变化的影响,农田土壤肥力已发生了巨大的变化。为实现土地资源的有效利用和种植业的可持续发展,必须明确农田土壤养分的现状与变化特征。【方法】通过对2005—2010年吉林省测土配方施肥项目中大量的土壤养分数据进行分析,研究吉林省农田土壤肥力现状,并与第二次普查数据对比以了解农田土壤养分的变化特征。【结果】目前,吉林省农田土壤的pH平均为6.6,有机质含量平均为26.1 g·kg-1,碱解氮含量平均为146.8 mg·kg-1,有效磷含量平均为26.7 mg·kg-1,速效钾含量平均为121.9 mg·kg-1。吉林省不同区域土壤养分存在显著差异,pH自东向西逐渐升高,而有机质、碱解氮和有效磷含量从东到西逐渐降低,速效钾含量东部地区显著低于其他地区。与第二次土壤普查结果相比,目前吉林省农田土壤有机质含量明显下降,碱解氮和有效磷含量大幅提高,速效钾含量略有降低。【结论】在长期耕作和较高施肥量条件下,吉林省农田土壤养分变化明显。建议今后在作物种植过程中大力推广科学施肥技术,重视有机肥与化肥配施,适当控制氮、磷肥施用,推进秸秆还田,以实现吉林省农田土壤肥力的提高和养分的平衡供应。

【Objective】Thirty years have passed since the second national soil survey ended, farmland soil fertility has changed tremendously due to the impact of cultivation activities, cultivar, and tillage way. It is thus important to explore the status of field soil fertility in order to achieve effective utilization of soil resources and sustainable development of cultivation.【Method】The status of field soil fertility was analyzed by massive data of soil sampled in ＂soil testing and fertilizer recommendation project＂ in Jilin Province during 2005-2010, and change characteristics of soil nutrients were explored by comparing it with the data of the second national soil survey.【Result】Soil pH is at 6.6 on average in Jilin Province presently; organic matter, alkalystic N, available P, and available K was 26.1 g·kg-1, 146.8 mg·kg-1, 26.7 mg·kg-1, and 121.9 mg·kg-1 on average, respectively. Compared with results from the second national soil survey, soil organic matter reduced significantly, alkalystic N and available P increased, and available K decreased slightly. Soil nutrient has significant differences in different areas in Jilin Province. From East to West, soil pH increased; organic matter, alkalystic N and available P decreased; available K in the East was remarkably lower than that in the other areas. 【Conclusion】There were effective measures, such as scientific and rational fertilization, combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer, and straw return, to prevent soil acidification, to increase soil fertility, and to relieve soil potassium deficiency during the farmland cultivation in Jilin Province.