试论汉代“蚕室”与“礼蚕”——兼与宋杰先生商榷

A Tentative Study of "Canshi" and "Lican" of Han Dynasty——A Discussion with Mr.Song Jie

"蚕室"最初指先秦及秦汉时期进行蚕桑生产及"礼蚕"的处所,武帝时司马迁下"蚕室",据此有学者认为"蚕室"已成为施腐刑及其后疗养的监狱,具有"诏狱"性质,养蚕之"蚕室"改称为"蚕宫"、"茧馆"。但事实并非完全如此。施腐刑"蚕室"只是对养蚕"蚕室"名称的借代,具体指宫廷"内官"中的宦者署。"蚕室"、"蚕宫"与"茧馆"三者亦有区别,"蚕宫"包含若干"蚕室","茧馆"也是不同于"蚕室"和"蚕宫"的另一"礼蚕"处所,同位于上林苑。"蚕室"(或"蚕宫")的一个重要用途,就是作为行"礼蚕"礼的场所。秦汉"礼蚕"是一项非常重要的祭祀活动,有一系列繁杂且固定的程序。汉以降,"礼蚕"各项礼仪随着朝代更替,也在不断发展演变。

＂Canshi＂ originally refers to the pre-Qin and the Qin and Han Dynasties silkworm production and place of ＂Lican＂. When Emperor Wudi put Sima qian into ＂ Canshi＂,some scholars think that ＂ Canshi＂ has become a prison and has been renamed ＂ Cangong＂, ＂ Jianguan＂. But in fact not quite, ＂ Canshi＂ is just the metonymy of sericulture of the ＂ Canshi＂,which refers to ＂ Neiguan＂ of royal court of the eunuch in the department. ＂ Canshi＂, ＂Cangong＂ and ＂ Jianguan＂ also have differences, ＂ Cangong＂ contains a number of ＂ Canshi＂,and ＂ Jianguan＂ is different from ＂ silkworm rearing room＂ and ＂ Cangong＂ and ＂ Canshi＂ place located in the Shanglinyuan. ＂ Canshi＂（ or ＂ Cangong＂） is a line of ＂ Lican＂ ceremony. In Qin and Han Dynasties, ＂ the ritual of silkworm＂ is an important ritual activity,including a series of complex and fixed process. After the Han, ＂ Lican＂ with various etiquette was evolving constantly.