人民公社和集体农庄的比较——对中苏农村经营制度变革的反思

A Comparative Study of People’s Commune and Collective Farm——Introspections on Transformations of Chinese and USSR Rural Performing System

在对中国农村改革的成功原因进行解释时,现有理论主要认为集体经济的低效率导致了农村经营制度的转型。但是,在中苏农村改革的比较下,这种分析框架却无法解释低效率的制度为什么能够在苏联农村持续存在。本文分别从组织与制度互动、财政制度的激励、信贷制度提供的约束三个视角比较80年代改革之前中国人民公社制度和苏联集体农庄制度,试图探讨改革前的制度安排差异是如何扭曲人们对改革政策的偏好的。从而解释为什么苏联无效率的制度能够留存,而中国农村非集体化能够实现。

In explaining the reason of the success of Chinese rural reform,it is majorly recognized in existing theories that the transition of rural performing system is caused by the inefficiency of collective economy.However,by comparing Chinese and USSR rural reform,this analytical framework cannot explain why the inefficient system can sustain in USSR.This paper compares the Chinese People’s Commune system and USSR Collective farm system before the reform in 1980s from three aspects:the interaction of organization and system,the stimulate of fiscal system and the restraint from credit system in order to discuss how the difference of institutional arrangements before the reform has twisted people’s preference towards reforming policy.Thus it explains why the inefficient system sustains in USSR while rural non-collectivization in China is realized.