民初宪政建制的失败与政争困境——1911-1916年立法权力与行政权力的斗争

The Failure of the Constitutional Institution and Paradox of Political Struggle in the Early Republic of China: The Struggle Between Legislative Power and Administrative Power Within 1911-1916

尚小明先生近文对袁伟时先生"思想高度不理解政治就是妥协,不理解政治上有些东西要尊重现实,做出很多错误的举动,使稳定的局面一再被破坏"的观点作出了批评,此文则指出民初的政治斗争是"妥协"与"不妥协"交互出现的动态过程。民初的各种政治势力在"大妥协"中实现了利益均衡,并正式开始了国会政治的演练和制定宪法。但这一"大妥协"也为国民党所主导的国会立法权力和袁世凯为首的北洋派掌控的政府行政权力的的对立埋下了伏笔。《临时约法》的缺陷、政治理念的巨大差别以及互不信任和妥协的信念使得两个派别陷入了"全输全赢"的政治斗争当中。这一斗争以北洋派—行政权力的"全赢"和国民党—立法权力的"全输"为结局而收场,民初的这一次宪政建设尝试最终失败。这一失败使得政治精英和知识精英抛弃了宪政的道路并走向激进化,继而转向了新的建制道路。

Shang Xiaoming and Yuan Weishi have a debate about the "political compromise" in the early Republic of China,this paper argues that the political struggle in this time is the combination and interaction of "compromise" and "no-compromise",which is a dynamic process. In order to achieve this objective,various political forces early in "the great compromise" reached to the balance of interests,and the officially started the congressional politics drill and the constitution. But "the great compromise" implied the abruption between the Congress-legislative power controlled by the Kuomintang and the Government-administrative power controlled by the Northern Warlords led by Yuan Shikai. The defects of "The Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China" the great difference of political philosophy and between two factions and distrust led the two factions into a "A total win-lose" political struggle. This struggle ended up with the total "win" of the Governmentadministrative power led by the northern warlords and the total "lose" of Congress-legislative power controlled by the Kuomintang. In the end,the first Congress was forced to disband,which implied the construction of constitutional government building. After the failure, the political and intellectual elites abandoned the constitutional road and became radicalized. Thus, they turned to a new constitutional agenda.