论受害人自甘冒险

On Victim's Voluntary Assumption of Risk

我国民法典侵权责任编草案二审稿第954条确认了自甘冒险规则,具有重要的现实意义。但是,该规则没有严格区分自甘冒险与受害人同意,且将其作为免责事由,缺乏对构成要件的严格限制,需要作出进一步的完善。尤其是考虑到自甘冒险情形的特殊性,应当将其适用比较过失规则,而不宜简单地将其规定为免责事由。此外,关于自甘冒险活动中组织者的责任,也应当区分不同情形而确定组织者是否违反安全保障义务,并应当承担责任。

Article 954 of the second draft of the Civil Code’s Tort Liability confirms the rule of voluntary assumption of risk.It has important practical significance.However,the article does not strictly distinguish between voluntary assumption of risk and victims’consent,and as an exemption of liability,lacks strict restrictions on the constituent elements and needs further improvement.Considering the particularity of voluntary assumption of risk,it should be applied to comparative negligence rule and not be simply regarded as a valid reason to be exemption of liabilities.Additionally,regarding the responsibility of organizers in such activities,it is also necessary to distinguish between different situations and determine whether the organizer violates the security guarantee obligation and should bear the liability.